01 History of China

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English names

The word "China" is derived from Cin (چین), a Persian name for China popularized in Europe by Marco Polo.^[13][14] The first recorded use in English dates from 1555.^[15] In early usage, "china" as a term for porcelain was spelled differently from the name of the country, the two words being derived from separate Persian words.^[16] Both these words are derived from the Sanskrit word Cīna (चीन),^[16] used as a name for China as early as AD 150.^[17]
There are various scholarly theories regarding the origin of this word. The traditional theory, proposed in the 17th century by Martin Martini, is that "China" is derived from "Qin" (秦, pronounced chin), the westernmost of the Chinese kingdoms during the Zhou Dynasty, or from the succeeding Qin dynasty (221 – 206 BC).^[18] In the Hindu scriptures Mahābhārata (5th century BC)^[19] and Laws of Manu (2nd century BC), the Sanskrit word Cīna (चीन) is used to refer to a country located in the Tibeto-Burman borderlands east of India.^[20] Another theory is that this word is derived from Yelang, an ancient kingdom in what is now Guizhou whose inhabitants referred to themselves as 'Zina'.^[21]

Chinese names

The official name of China changed with each dynasty or with each new government, the imperial governments referred to themselves as the Empire of the Great Qing, Empire of the Great Ming, etc. However, the common name remained as Zhōngguó (simplified Chinese: 中国; traditional Chinese: 中國, Mandarin pronunciation: [tʂʊ́ŋkwɔ̌]) through dynastic changes. This translates traditionally as "Middle Kingdom," or as "central country."
The name Zhōngguó first appeared in the Classic of History (6th century BC), and was used to refer to the late Zhou Dynasty, as they believed that they were the "center of civilization,"^{[nb 1]} while peoples in the four cardinals were called Eastern Yi, Southern Man, Western Rong and Northern Di respectively. Some texts imply that "Zhōngguó" was originally meant to refer to the capital of the sovereign, to differ from the capital of his vassals.^{[nb 2]} The use of "Zhōngguó" implied a claim of political legitimacy, and "Zhōngguó" was often used by states who saw themselves as the sole legitimate successor to previous Chinese dynasties; for example, in the era of the Southern Song Dynasty, both the Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song state claimed to be "Zhōngguó."^{[nb 3]}
Zhōngguó was used as a common name for the Republic of China (Zhonghua Minguo) after its establishment in 1912. After the Communists took over control of China in 1949, they established the People's Republic of China (PRC). As a result, the PRC is now commonly known as "China" or "Zhōngguó". The Republic of China nowadays is commonly known as "Taiwan".[n